ABSTRACT
Introduction: Seven cervical vertebrae constitute the skeletal framework of the neck. Along with the otheridentification points, the cardinal feature of a cervical vertebra whether typical or atypical is the presence ofForamen transversarium on the transverse process. This foramen transmits the Vertebral artery, Vertebral veinand Sympathetic nerves. These foramina are known to have variations in size, shape and numbers and may beabsent, incomplete or duplicate, which may lead to various symptoms. Their etiology is related with the variationsin the course of the Vertebral artery due to developmental reasons.Materials and methods: Three hundred dry human cervical vertebrae were collected and studied in the departmentof Anatomy, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore. We included all the Cervical vertebraeincluding Atlas, Axis and all other cervical vertebrae. We observed the presence, size, shape and variations ofForamen transversarium of cervical vertebrae during our study.Observations and results: Out of three hundred Cervical vertebrae, One hundred and twenty five cervical vertebrae(42%) had variations of Foramen transversarium like Complete / incomplete Accessory foramen, triple foramenon one side, absence of foramen on one side and unequal size of foramen on both the sides. The different typesof shapes of foramen transversarium were also analysed and tabulated. The areas of foramen transversariumwere measured after measuring all the diameters.Conclusion: Variations in the Foramen transversarium may indicate, the variation in the course of the Vertebralartery. The present study was important clinical implications for Head and neck and vascular surgeries. Thesevariations should be kept in our mind during surgeries on cervical spine.
ABSTRACT
Background: Sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae and forms the lower part of Vertebral column. The opening present at the lower end of sacral canal is known as sacral hiatus. Methods: This study was carried out on 75 dry human sacra of unknown sex to study the variations of sacral hiatus. Various shapes of sacral hiatus were observed which included inverted u, inverted v, irregular, dumbbell and bifid. The apex of sacral hiatus was commonly found at the level of 4th sacral vertebra. The mean length of sacral hiatus, the mean anteroposterior diameter of sacral canal was measured. The narrowing of sacral canal at the apex of sacral hiatus was measured. Results: We observed length of Sacral hiatus from apex to midpoint of base – maximum length was found to be 11 – 20 mm in 32 dry sacra. Anteroposterior diameter at the sacral hiatus was found to be 0 – 3 mm. in 35 dry sacra. Base (Transverse diameter) was found to be 11 – 15 mm in 36 dry sacra. Median distance between the level of lower margin of S2 and apex of sacral hiatus was 21 – 30 mm in 25(33%) Sacra. Distance between midpoint of Base to S2 foramen was found to be >40 mm in 52 Sacra and that accounts for 69 %. Conclusion: The knowledge of anatomical variations of sacral hiatus is clinically important for caudal epidural block in Pediatric, Obstetric, Orthopedic, Urologic and Surgical practice. The reliability and success of caudal epidural block depends upon Knowledge of Variations of Sacral hiatus.
ABSTRACT
Anatomical variations of lungs in the form of Accessory lobe and abnormality in the fissures are important for the surgeons to avoid possible injuries to the neighbouring structures. We report a case of Accessory lobe of right lung between middle and lower lobe in a male cadaver which was found during routine dissection in the Anatomy department, PSG IMS & R. Fissure and lobes of left lung was normal. Anatomical knowledge of such variations are helpful for Cardiothoracic surgeons in lobectomies, surgical resections involving individual segments and for Radiologists for interpreting X – rays,CT & MRI scans.
ABSTRACT
Axillary artery and its branches are prone to have variations in their course. Knowledge about such variations are important for Radiologists in imaging techniques, Surgeons,Orthopedicians and Anesthetists in performing surgeries in the axilla and giving regional nerve blocks in the axilla.During dissection of a cadaver in the department of Anatomy, PSG IMS &R, Coimbatore, India. We observed a variation in the third part of right Axillary artery. From the common trunk, Subscapular artery, Anterior and Posterior circumflex humeral arteries and Profunda brachii artery arose. Third part of Axillary artery continued down as brachial artery. We are highlighting the variation in this study.